Restenosis Prevention 1977-2001

ESC 2001 Meeting Coverage

AHA 2001 Meeting Coverage

TCTMD Slide Sets

TCT 2001 Expert Presentations

Local Drug Delivery

Non Stent Based Avenues for Local Drug Delivery S. r. Bailey  
Actinomycin-D Pre-Clinical Studies: Evaluation of Dosing, Efficacy and Toxicity T. J. Linnemeier  
Actinomycin-D Structure, Mechanism, and Delivery Considerations R. S. Stack  
An Advanced c-myc Antisense for Prevention of Restenosis n. kipshidze  
Angiopeptin: Mechanism of Action and Animal Data m. k. hong  
Batimastat: Structural Mechanisms and Animal Studies G. Leclerc  
Comparative Pathology of Drug Eluting Stents: Insights to Relative Safety and Efficacy A. Farb  
Core Concepts I: Importance of the Polymer R. S. Stack  
Core Concepts III: Importance of the Toxic-Therapeutic Window and Cytostatic vs. Cytotoxic Effects c. rogers  
Corticosteroids as anti-restenotic agents I. K. De Scheerder  
Effect of Site-Specific 17beta-Estradiol Delivery on Neointimal Proliferation: Mechanisms, Pre-Clinical Data, and the EASTER Trial G. New  
Paclitaxel and Taxane Derivatives Structure, Mechanisms, and Delivery Considerations c. Rogers  
Paclitaxel-eluting Stents: From Cultured Cells to the Cath Lab A. Heldman  
Sirolimus: Pre-clinical Studies ? Evaluation of Dosing, Efficacy and Toxicity A. Carter  
The Importance of the Endothelium in the setting of PCI: Studies on VEGF A. H. gershlick  
The Story of Rapamycin: Soil to Bench to Bedside S. Marx  
The Terumo Statin Releasing Stent - Rationale and Animal Results P. W. Serruys

Novel Stent Designs for Site-Specific Drug Delivery

A New Nanoporous Stent Coating for Local Drug Delivery R. Erbel
D. Baumgart  
Phosphorylcholine Coated Stents As a Drug Delivery Platform I. K. De Scheerder  
The Conor Medsystems Stent: A Programmable Drug Delivery Device F. Litvack  
The PLLA Biodegradable Stent for Local Drug Delivery H. Tamai  

Nonionizing Energy Sources

Antrin® Photoangioplasty: Results of a Phase I Study in Patients Undergoing Intracoronary Stent Implantation D. J. Kereiakes  
Cardiovascular Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Concepts, Chemical Sensitizers and Photoactivation D. J. Kereiakes  
Novel Mechanisms of Therapeutic Ultrasound in Preventing Restenosis u. rosenschein  
Use of Electromagnetic Induced Local Hyperthermia to Reduce Neointimal Proliferation: Preliminary Results C. Stefanadis  
 

Intravascular sonotherapy decreases neointimal hyperplasia after stent implantation in swine
Fitzgerald PJ, et al.
Circulation 2001;103:1828-31
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11294798
In this swine peripheral model, intravascular sonotherapy seemed to decelerate cellular proliferation and decrease in-stent hyperplasia. Therefore, intravascular sonotherapy may be an effective form of nonionizing energy to reduce in-stent restenosis.

Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with roxithromycin and effect on neointima proliferation after coronary stent placement (ISAR-3): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Neumann F, et al.
Lancet 2001;357:2085-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11445102 
The cure for in-stent restenosis: not antibiotics: The chlamydia story rolls on. Large scale trials on the use of antibiotic treatment to reduce coronary event rates have been inconclusive. This study of 1010 patients looked for a reduction in in-stent restenosis (31% v 29%, p = 0.43) or death/MI rates at one year (7% v 6%, p = 0.45) with azithromycin versus placebo. None were seen, although a subanalysis suggested treating those with high chlamydia titres might be of benefit. More studies are needed.

Effect of ACE inhibitors on angiographic restenosis after coronary stenting (PARIS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Meurice T, et al.
Lancet 2001;357:1321-4
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11343737
Contrary to our expectations, ACE inhibitor treatment did not reduce restenosis after coronary stent implantation in patients with DD genotype, but was associated with an exaggerated restenotic process when compared with administration of placebo. Late loss in minimum lumen diameter was significantly higher in the quinapril group than in the controls (mean 1.11 mm [SD 0.70] vs 0.76 mm [0.60]; p=0.018).

Local delivery of enoxaparin to decrease restenosis after stenting: results of initial multicenter trial: Polish-American Local Lovenox NIR Assessment study (The POLONIA study)
Kiesz RS, et al.
Circulation 2001;103:26-31
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11136681
This is the first prospective randomized trial in which the local delivery of a drug, enoxaparin, resulted in significant reduction in late luminal loss and restenosis after stent implantation in de novo coronary lesion (bynary restenosis occurred in 10% of patients in the enoxaparin group and in 24% of patients in the systemic heparinization group, P:<0.05).

A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF THE LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN CERTOPARIN TO PREVENT RESTENOSIS FOLLOWING CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY
Coronary angioplasty has become a successful and widely used treatment for patients with coronary artery disease since its first clinical application in 1977.
J Invas Cardiol 13(11):723-728, 2001
http://cardiology.medscape.com/46738.rhtml?srcmp=card-010402

Association of plasma homocysteine with the number of major coronary arteries severely narrowed
Schnyder G, et al.
Am J Cardiol 2001;88:1027-30
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11704002 

Folate treatment significantly lowers restenosis rates
http://www.theheart.org/index.cfm?doc_id=27164
 
Report from New England Journal of Medicine says that folate treatment significantly decreased the rate of restenosis and the need for revascularization after PCI.

JIM 2001 Presentations 

TCT 2000 Expert Presentation Slides

Nickel and molybdenum contact allergies in patients with coronary in- stent restenosis
  Koster R et al.
  Lancet 2000;356:1895-7
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0011130387 
Patients with allergic patch-test reactions to nickel and molybdenum had a higher frequency of in-stent restenoses than patients without hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions to nickel and molybdenum released from stents may be one of the triggering mechanisms for in-stent restenosis.

In vitro analyses of diamond-like carbon coated stents. Reduction of metal ion release, platelet activation, and thrombogenicity
 
Gutensohn K et al.
  Thromb Res 2000;99:577-85
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0010974344 
The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the biocompatibility of stents coated with diamond-like carbon (DLC).Atomic adsorption spectrophotometry analyses revealed a significant release of nickel and chromium metal ions by non-coated stents over a storage period of 96 hours in human plasma (p<0.05). In contrast, only minimal concentrations of released ions could be detected in the case of DLC-coated stents. Results: High concentrations of molybdenum and manganese ions were released from non-coated stents (p<0.05), while release of these ions from DLC-coated stents was virtually undetectable (p=0.1 for molybdenum and p=0.4 for manganese). Coating of intracoronary stents with diamond-like carbon significantly improves biocompatibility. This biocompatible coating may therefore contribute to a reduction in thrombogenicity.

Optimally deployed stents in the treatment of restenotic versus de novo lesions
  Gruberg L et al.
  Am J Cardiol 2000;85:333-7
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0011078302
Optimal stent deployment for restenotic and de novo lesions has favorable short- and long-term outcome. However, the incidence of target lesion revascularization was significantly greater in restenotic lesions (25.1% vs 13.0%, p = 0.001). Saphenous vein graft lesions and diabetes mellitus were confirmed as other independent risk factors for clinical restenosis

CAPARES - Restenosis and clinical outcome in patients treated with amlodipine after angioplasty: results from the Coronary AngioPlasty Amlodipine REStenosis Study 
  Jorgensen B et al.
  J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:592-9
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0010716459
Amlodipine therapy starting two weeks before PTCA did not reduce luminal loss, but the incidence of repeat PTCA and the composite major adverse clinical events were significantly reduced during the four-month follow-up period after PTCA with amlodipine as compared with placebo

EUROCARE - Carvedilol for prevention of restenosis after directional coronary atherectomy : final results of the European carvedilol atherectomy restenosis trial
  Serruys PW et al.
  Circulation 2000;101:1512-8
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0010747343
The maximum recommended daily dose of the antioxidant and beta-blocker carvedilol failed to reduce restenosis after successful atherectomy. These findings are in contrast to those of the Multivitamins and Probucol Trial, which raises doubts regarding the validity of the interpretation that restenosis reduction by probucol was via antioxidant effects. The relationship between antioxidant agents and restenosis remains to be elucidated.

Local paclitaxel delivery for the prevention of restenosis: biological effects and efficacy in vivo
  Herdeg C et al.
  J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1969-76
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0010841250
Local delivery of paclitaxel resulted in reduced neointimal stenosis and enlargement in vessel size. Both these effects contribute to a preservation of vessel shape and are likely to be caused by a structural alteration of the cytoskeleton

Vascular remodeling and the local delivery of cytochalasin B after coronary angioplasty in humans
  Lehmann KG et al.
  J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:583-91
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0010716458
Cytochalasin B can be safely administered by local delivery after successful coronary angioplasty and warrants further study of its efficacy in reducing restenosis

HIPS - Heparin infusion prior to stenting trial: final results of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial evaluating the effects of local vascular delivery on intimal hyperplasia
  Wilensky RL et al.
  Am Heart J 2000;139:1061-70
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0010827388
Local delivery of 5000 U heparin into the arterial wall before stent implantation is safe and feasible. There was not a favorable effect of locally delivered heparin on clinical, angiographic, or IVUS end points of restenosis. 

Effect of statin therapy on restenosis after coronary stent implantation
  Walter DH et al.
  Am J Cardiol 2000;85:962-8
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=0010760335
Statin therapy is associated with reduced recurrence rates and improved clinical outcome after coronary stent implantation.

From TCTMD

Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. PREVENT Investigators
Pitt B, et al.
Circulation 2000;102:1503-10.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11004140 
http://www.circulationaha.org/cgi/content/full/102/13/1503 

Photoactivation of vascular iNOS and elevation of cGMP in vivo: possible mechanism for photovasorelaxation and inhibition of restenosis in an atherosclerotic rabbit models
Kipshidze N, et al.
Photochem Photobiol 2000;72:579-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11045733 

The PRESTO (Prevention of restenosis with tranilast and its outcomes) protocol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Holmes D, et al.
Am Heart J 2000;139:23-31.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10618558 

A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluvastatin for prevention of restenosis after successful coronary balloon angioplasty; final results of the fluvastatin angiographic restenosis (FLARE) trial
Serruys PW, et al.
Eur Heart J 1999;20:58-69.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10075142 

Reduction of restenosis by vessel size adapted percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty using intravascular ultrasound
Schroeder S, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1999;83:875-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10190402 

Usefulness of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (ardeparin) for reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Gimple LW, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1999;83:1524-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=10363865 

Effects of cilostazol on late lumen loss after Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation
Yamasaki M, et al.
Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;44:387-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9716201 

Effect of warfarin on rate of restenosis after PTCA
ten Berg JM, et al.
Circulation 1998;97:2097-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9610545 

Effects of probucol and cilostazol alone and in combination on frequency of poststenting restenosis
Sekiya M, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1998;82:144-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9678282 

Effect of high dose verapamil on restenosis after peripheral angioplasty
Schweizer J, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1299-305.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9581724 

Prevention of restenosis after angioplasty in small coronary arteries with probucol
Rodes J, et al.
Circulation 1998;97:429-36.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9490236 

Plasma activity and insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin I- converting enzyme: a major risk factor and a marker of risk for coronary stent restenosis
Ribichini F, et al.
Circulation 1998;97:147-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9445166 

Usefulness of enhanced insulin secretion during an oral glucose tolerance test as a predictor of restenosis after direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty during acute myocardial infarction in patients without diabetes mellitus
Osanai H, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1998;81:698-701.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9527077 

Preventive effects of an antiallergic drug, pemirolast potassium, on restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Ohsawa H, et al.
Am Heart J 1998;136:1081-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9842024 

Influence of gradually increased slow balloon inflation on restenosis after coronary angioplasty
Miketic S, et al.
Am Heart J 1998;135:709-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9539490 

Lipid-lowering therapy after coronary revascularization: the interventional cardiologist's perspective
Lansky AJ, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1998;81:55E-62E.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9551596 

Human endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene transfer inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation after balloon injury in rats
Janssens S, et al.
Circulation 1998;97:1274-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9570198 

Comparison of aggressive versus nonaggressive balloon dilatation for stent deployment on late loss and restenosis in native coronary arteries
Goldberg SL, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1998;81:708-12.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9527079 

Six-month angiographic and clinical follow-up of patients prospectively randomized to receive either tirofiban or placebo during angioplasty in the RESTORE trial. Randomized Efficacy Study of Tirofiban for Outcomes and Restenosis
Gibson CM, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:28-34.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9669245 

Prolonged thrombin inhibition reduces restenosis after balloon angioplasty in porcine coronary arteries
Gallo R, et al.
Circulation 1998;97:581-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9494029 

Medical therapies for the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions
Frishman WH, et al.
Curr Probl Cardiol 1998;23:534-635.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9805205 

Aggressive lipid lowering in postcoronary angioplasty patients with elevated cholesterol (the Lovastatin Restenosis Trial)
Boccuzzi SJ, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1998;81:632-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9514463 

Effectiveness of an antioxidant in preventing restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the Probucol Angioplasty Restenosis Trial
Yokoi H, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:855-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9316509 

Stent restenosis: can effective antithrombotic therapy be protective?
Willerson JT.
Circulation 1997;96:383-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9244196 

Effects of octreotide treatment on restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results of the VERAS study. VErringerung der Restenoserate nach Angioplastie durch ein Somatostatin-analogon
von Essen R, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:1482-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9315535 

Beta-radiation to reduce restenosis. Too little, too soon?
Teirstein P.
Circulation 1997;95:1095-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9054831 

Catheter-based radiotherapy to inhibit restenosis after coronary stenting
Teirstein PS, et al.
N Engl J Med 1997;336:1697-703.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9180087 

Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Multivitamins and Probucol Study Group
Tardif JC, et al.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:365-72.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9241125 

Reduction of restenosis after angioplasty in an atheromatous rabbit model by suicide gene therapy
Steg PG, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:408-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9244204 

Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty
Sirtori CR, et al.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:1918; discussion 1919.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9417525 

Local intramural delivery of L-arginine enhances nitric oxide generation and inhibits lesion formation after balloon angioplasty
Schwarzacher SP, et al.
Circulation 1997;95:1863-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9107174 

A role for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in restenosis
Plow EF, et al.
Circulation 1997;95:1355-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9118497 

Effect of serotonin, thromboxane A2, and specific receptor antagonists on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation
Pakala R, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:2280-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9337201 

Inhibition of tissue factor-mediated coagulation markedly attenuates stenosis after balloon-induced arterial injury in minipigs
Oltrona L, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:646-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9244238 

Immunization with homologous oxidized low density lipoprotein reduces neointimal formation after balloon injury in hypercholesterolemic rabbits
Nilsson J, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1886-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9385923 

Inhibition of von Willebrand factor binding to platelet GP Ib by a fractionated aurintricarboxylic acid prevents restenosis after vascular injury in hamster carotid artery
Matsuno H, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:1299-304.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9286962 

PAI-1 inhibits neointimal formation after arterial injury in mice: a new target for controlling restenosis?
Loskutoff DJ.
Circulation 1997;96:2772-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9386134 

Local delivery of ethanol inhibits intimal hyperplasia in pig coronary arteries after balloon injury
Liu MW, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:2295-301.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9337203 

Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty
Lisi DM.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:1919.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9417527 

Sustained local delivery of dexamethasone by a novel intravascular eluting stent to prevent restenosis in the porcine coronary injury model
Lincoff AM, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:808-16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9091528 

Pathophysiology and pharmacological approaches for prevention of coronary artery restenosis following coronary artery balloon angioplasty and related procedures
Landzberg BR, et al.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1997;39:361-98.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9050821 

Effect of the direct nitric oxide donors linsidomine and molsidomine on angiographic restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasty. The ACCORD Study. Angioplastic Coronaire Corvasal Diltiazem
Lablanche JM, et al.
Circulation 1997;95:83-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8994421 

Effect of nadroparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, on clinical and angiographic restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasty: the FACT study. Fraxiparine Angioplastie Coronaire Transluminale
Lablanche JM, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:3396-402.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9396433 

Predictive factors of restenosis after coronary stent placement
Kastrati A, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1428-36.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9362398 

Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty
Jay SJ.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:1918-9; discussion 1919.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9417526 

Association of an acute reduction in lipoprotein(a) with coronary artery restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Horie H, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:166-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9236431 

Preventing coronary restenosis and complications
Holmes DR, Jr.
N Engl J Med 1997;336:1748-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9180094 

Effects of coronary stenting on restenosis and occlusion after angioplasty of the culprit vessel in patients with recent myocardial infarction
Bauters C, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:2854-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9386149 

Intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury is attenuated by blocking selectins
Barron MK, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:3587-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9396459 

Paclitaxel inhibits arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo using local drug delivery
Axel DI, et al.
Circulation 1997;96:636-45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=9244237 

Preventive effects of probucol on restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Watanabe K, et al.
Am Heart J 1996;132:23-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8701872 

Possible prevention of postangioplasty restenosis by ascorbic acid
Tomoda H, et al.
Am J Cardiol 1996;78:1284-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=8960592 

Lovastatin plus probucol for prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
O'Keefe JH, Jr., et al.
Am J Cardiol 1996;77:649-52.
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